D.O. 4.1a Written Answer Hub

Five topics · 20 marks each · Built from ICOM Year 4 Google Classroom notes

5Topics
100Total Marks
7Answer Steps
20Marks / Q

Five Exam Questions

Each card shows the full question, a memory hook, and links to the complete 20-mark answer plan.

Q1 â€Ē 20 Marks

Rheumatoid Arthritis

"Discuss an autoimmune disease covered in your studies. Define the disease and describe the signs and symptoms in a clinical context."

🧠 Memory Hook
RA = Relentless Autoimmune Synovitis
Five S: Symmetrical · Small joints · Synovium · Stiffness · Systemic
Study Q1 Now →
Q2 â€Ē 20 Marks

Paranasal Sinuses — MEFS

"List and describe the paranasal sinuses, their names and locations. Discuss the signs and symptoms of sinus infections and causes of sinusitis."

🧠 Memory Hook — MEFS
M Maxillary — cheekbones   E Ethmoid — between eyes   F Frontal — forehead   S Sphenoid — deep skull
Study Q2 Now →
Q3 â€Ē 20 Marks

Migraine vs SAH

"Discuss the presentation of migraines. Explain how they differ from severe headaches such as acute headaches and subarachnoid headaches."

🧠 Memory Hook
Migraine = Gradual · Episodic · Dark Room
SAH = Sudden · Explosive · Hospital NOW
Study Q3 Now →
Q4 â€Ē 20 Marks

Spasticity vs Rigidity

"Explain the difference between spasticity and rigidity in upper motor neuron lesions. Include clinical examples, presentations and tests in your answer."

🧠 Memory Hook
Spasticity = Speed-dependent · Clasp-knife · Babinski
Rigidity = Regardless of speed · Lead-pipe · Parkinson
Study Q4 Now →
Q5 â€Ē 20 Marks

Iliosacral Dysfunctions

"Discuss under the classification of iliosacral somatic dysfunctions. Compare physiological versus non-physiological lesions."

🧠 Memory Hook
Opposite ASIS & PSIS = Rotation (physiological)
Same ASIS & PSIS = Sheer (non-physiological)
Study Q5 Now →

How to Score 20 Marks

Apply this 7-step structure to every written answer. Allocate time proportionally to marks.

1

Define 3 marks

Precise clinical definition, prevalence, demographics, aetiology overview.

2

Classify / Aetiology 3 marks

Classification system, causative theories, pathological mechanism.

3

Signs & Symptoms 4 marks

Articular and extra-articular features, clinical context, comparison tables.

4

Investigations 3 marks

Bloods, imaging, special tests with expected findings.

5

Red Flags 2 marks

Serious pathology indicators requiring urgent referral or investigation.

6

Osteopathic Relevance 3 marks

OMT indications, contraindications, safety screening, clinical reasoning.

7

References 2 marks

ICOM notes, NICE guidelines, Kumar & Clark, DiGiovanna — numbered list.


All 5 Memory Hooks

Memorise these before the exam — one hook per question to trigger your full answer plan.

Q1 — RA

Relentless Autoimmune Synovitis
5S: Symmetrical · Small · Synovium · Stiffness · Systemic

Q2 — Sinuses

MEFS
Maxillary · Ethmoid · Frontal · Sphenoid

Q3 — Headache

Migraine = Gradual Dark Room
SAH = Sudden Hospital NOW

Q4 — UMN

Spasticity = Speed-dependent
Rigidity = Regardless of speed

Q5 — Pelvis

Opposite ASIS/PSIS = Rotation
Same ASIS/PSIS = Sheer


Universal Red Flags

These apply across all five topics — always include relevant flags in your written answers.

ðŸšĐ Do Not Miss — Refer / Investigate Urgently

Thunderclap / worst-ever headache → SAH until proven otherwise
Bilateral hand tingling + hyperreflexia → cervical myelopathy
Fever + neck stiffness + photophobia → meningitis / SAH
Bladder / bowel dysfunction + back pain → cauda equina
Sudden focal neurological deficit → stroke / TIA
Progressive neurological deterioration → space-occupying lesion
Jaw claudication + scalp tenderness >55 → temporal arteritis
Morning headache waking from sleep → raised ICP
Orbital cellulitis / proptosis → emergency ENT / ophthalmology
CSF rhinorrhoea after trauma → skull base fracture
RA patient with acute neck pain → atlantoaxial instability
Acute systemic flare with fever in autoimmune disease → urgent review